Thomas Hill Green, _ Prolegomena to Ethics_, ed. David O. Brink (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 632 pp. _ _.

Muharrem Hafız, Platon Felsefesinde Khora [Khôra in Plato’s Philosophy], 304 pp.

The article focuses on the concept of active power as an ability that activates the agent, who is the implementer of common sense principles in Thomas Reid's philosophy. Reid argues that the use of active power in the process of realizing the principles of common sense in action is very important for the morality of the agent. While the correct use of active power ensures the emergence of honorable and moral actions, the wrong use of this power causes the emergence (...) of evil and immorality. For this reason, Reid defines the concept of active power as a distinctive feature of humans, such as the ability to think. In addition, Reid argues that people are conscious of the existence of their active power. Thus, people are also aware of their own limits. By being aware of other people's active powers, they can regulate their moral relationships. After briefly summarizing Reid's philosophical method in the article, the relationship between common sense principles and active power, which are presented as two important components of action, is discussed. (shrink)

Although nature of science and nature of scientific inquiry are related to each other, they are differentiated as NOS is being more related to the product of scientific inquiry which is scientific knowledge whereas NOSI is more related to the process of SI. Lederman et al. determined eight NOSI aspects for K-16 context. In this study, a science camp was conducted to teach scientific inquiry and NOSI to 24 6th and 7th graders. The core of the program was guided inquiry (...) in nature. The children working in small groups under guidance of science advisors conducted four guided-inquiries in the nature in morning sessions on nearby plants, animals, water, and soil. NOSI aspects were made explicit during and at the end of each inquiry session. Views about scientific inquiry questionnaire was applied as pre- and post-test. The results of the study showed that children developed in all eight NOSI aspects, but higher developments were observed in “scientific investigations all begin with a question” and “there is no single scientific method,” and “explanations are developed from data and what is already known” aspects. It was concluded that the science camp program was effective in teaching NOSI. (shrink)

Hicrî birinci yüzyılın sonu ile ikinci yüzyılın ortalarında yaşamış bulunan Ca‘fer-i Sâdık ve Ebû Hanîfe, akran iki âlimdir. Kûfe’de yetişen ve Ehl-i sünnet mezheplerinden birinin imamı olan Ebû Hanîfe’nin, Medine’de yetişen ve İsnâaşeriyye’nin altıncı imamı kabul edilen Ca‘fer ile bir araya geldiği ve onun talebesi olduğu hem sünnî hem Şiî kaynaklarda rivayet edilmektedir. Mukaddem kaynaklarda Ebû Hanîfe’nin Ca‘fer-i Sâdık’ın öğrencisi olduğu yönündeki ifadelerin, muahhar kaynaklarda abartılı bir şekilde yorumlandığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Ebû Hanîfe ile Ca‘fer-i Sâdık arasındaki hoca-talebe ilişkisi netleştirilmeye (...) çalışılmıştır. Bu sebeple öncelikle kısaca her iki imamın hayatı ele alınarak onların ilmî birikimi tespit edilmiştir. Akabinde Ebû Hanîfe ile Ca‘fer’in ne zaman ve ne kadar süre birlikte oldukları, Ebû Hanîfe’nin Ehl-i beyt’e yönelik tutumunun Ca‘fer’den ilim almasında ne gibi bir etkisinin bulunduğu ve çeşitli ilim dallarında Ebû Hanîfe- Ca‘fer ilişkisi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Ḥājj, the ancient religious symbol in the Sami’s, is not only a religious duty for the Muslim individual, but also an important worship that creates a social awareness of the ummah and at the same time creates a serious population mobility in the Islamic geography. With the message of the Prophet, the pilgrimage was restored to its original form, and in the next process, those who were in charge of this region made an effort to enable all Muslims of the (...) world to carry out their duties comfortably and to carry their religious, scientific and social experiences to their own regions. The Maghreb (today’s Morocco) and Andalusia bonded and strengthened with the eastern Islamic world through pilgrimage, science and trade journeys. The Marīnid State started the pilgrimage journeys again with official convoys, which were partially interrupted due to the conquest of Andalusia. They gave great importance to these journeys in order to express their longing for the Prophet and to show their political and social power. In this study, the arduous pilgrimages Marīnid Sultan Abū’l-Ḥasan’s (d. 752/1351) mother Maryam and his sister Maryam bint Saʿīd- lasting at least one year in the 14th century are discussed in the context of diplomatic, social and cultural dimensions the pilgrimage. As a matter of fact, Muslims living in the distant lands of Morocco and Andalusia, where Islam was lived, made their material and spiritual ties with the lands where Islam was born and developed by means of pilgrimage, knowledge and trade. The pilgrimages of these two Maghribi noble women, who succeeded in the Maghrib-Hijaz pilgrimage, have become epic as even the noble men of the Maghrib and Mashriqi noble women rarely dare it. These pilgrimages, which took place during the reign of sultan of Abū l-Ḥasan should be evaluated in terms of the political developments and socio-cultural characteristics of the period. The Sultan has progressed considerably in his aim of becoming the sultan of the western Islamic world with the conquest of the places outside the Maghrib Aqṣā and the jihad he participated in Andalusia. It was during this period that he established multifaceted relations with the holy lands and their sultans. In these relations, the women of the Marīnid sultans, the pilgrimages made almost competing with the lady sultans of the Mamlūks, diplomatic correspondence and Exchange of gifts between the sultans, gifts and al-Masjid an-Nabawi letter expressing longing of those who could not go on the pilgrimage are included. With this subject, the effect of the fact that the pilgrimage is an exciting journey even in the most distant lands, the sultans of the period supported these journeys, as well as the help of the Ṣūfī connoisseurs to the state with their ribāṭ (hospice) for road safety. In the study, first of all, the women's pilgrimage stories were given, and then the pilgrimages of the dynastic women of the Marīnid period were discussed. The gifts sent to the Mamlūk sultans, who were the sultans of the holy lands, and the Qurʾān sent to Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, which are considered sacred by Muslims, have become important symbols of these pilgrimage journeys. It is remarkable how pilgrimage journeys united all Muslims materially and spiritually during the periods when Muslim state administrators were powerful. Especially the fact that these two Maghribi ladies were carried out easily should be expressed as another important aspect of the issue. (shrink)

Psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluş, bireyin yaşamı hakkında nasıl hissettiğine ve yaşam olaylarına nasıl tepki verdiğine bağlıdır. Bireysel olarak kişi, kontrolü dışında gerçekleşen tüm dış olayları bilişsel şemalarında istemsizce hissedebilir. Özellikle ruh sağlığı göz önüne alındığında, son yıllarda dini inanç ve uygulamaların ruh sağlığının çeşitli bileşenleri üzerindeki etkisi, din psikolojisinde en çok çalışılan konulardan biri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çoğu çalışma, bireylerin anlam arayışları ve yaşam olaylarına tepkileri hakkında cevaplar ararken dinin rolüne odaklanmıştır. Hayatın zorluklarıyla karşılaşan ve strese maruz kalan bireylerin (...) yaşamlarında ibadetlerin onarıcı bir rol oynadığına dair yaygın bir kanı vardır. Bu nedenle, son birkaç yılda bilim adamları için, bilişsel davranışçı çerçevenin din psikolojisi içindeki olası uygulaması hem öznel hem de psikolojik iyi oluşun kilit bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. Dindarlık ve ruh sağlığı arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin teorik uygulamalar kullanılarak, çeşitli dua biçimlerinin ağırlıklı olarak Hıristiyan dini norm ve inançlarından türetildiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak, bu tür araştırmalarda Hıristiyan olmayan dinler çoğunlukla göz ardı edilmiştir. Daha spesifik olarak, İslam'da inananların günlük yaşamlarında büyük önem taşıyan çeşitli dini davranış biçimleri olmasına rağmen, Müslüman bireyler arasında dindarlık ve ruh sağlığı arasındaki bağlantılar ihmal edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, mevcut araştırma, Müslüman bireyler arasında bilişsel-davranışçı mekanizmayı kullanarak farklı İslami dua türleri ile iyi oluş hali göstergeleri arasındaki bağlantıyı araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada İngiltere'nin farklı şehirlerinde/bölgelerinde birçok İslami öğrenci topluluğundan ve çeşitli ibadet yerlerinden katılımcı toplamak için çevrimiçi bir anket linki kullanılmıştır. Online anket altı dua türünden (farz, vacip, sünnet, nafile, dua ve zikir formlarından), altı psikolojik iyi bileşenlerinden (özerklik, çevresel hakimiyet, başkalarıyla olumlu ilişkiler, kişisel gelişim, kendini kabul ve yaşamda amaç) ve iki öznel iyi oluş bileşeninden (hayat memnuniyeti ve olumlu ve olumsuz etkiler) oluşmaktadır. Temsili örneklem, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında (Ort. = 27.01, SS = 8.80) olan 214 katılımcıdan (Kadın= 145, Erkek= 69) oluşmaktadır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları, farz namaz, sünnet namaz, sözlü dua ve zikir/Allah'ı anmanın iyi oluş hali değişkenleri ile pozitif bir ilişkiye sahip olduğunu, ancak vacip ve nafile namazların iyi oluş hali değişkenleriyle herhangi bir korelasyon göstermediğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçları, farz, sünnet ve vacip namazların psikolojik veya öznel iyi oluş değişkenlerinin yordayıcıları olmadığını göstermiştir. Sadece nafile namazın türü yordayıcı bulunsa da bu ilişki tam tersi yöndedir. Ek olarak, dua ibadeti psikolojik iyi oluş puanlarını tahmin etmedeki benzersiz varyansı açıklarken, zikir ibadeti ise öznel iyi oluşu tahmin etmedeki benzersiz değişkenliği açıklamaktadır. James ve Wells'in bilişsel ve davranışçı modelleri ışığında, bu çalışma sadece dua ve zikir ibadetlerini, bireylere psikolojik destek sağlamada olumlu etkisi olan önemli faktörler olarak belirlemiştir. Dolayısıyla sunulan veriler, kişilerin ibadetleri, rehberlik ve destek için Tanrı'ya güvendikleri ve Tanrı'nın varlığını hissederek düşüncelerini tazeledikleri bir dua ve zikir modelini aldığında daha iyi psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşa sahip olma olasılıklarının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevcut bulgulardan görülebileceği gibi, inanç yapılarının belirli topluluk ortamlarında uygulanabilirliğini göz önünde bulundurmak önemlidir. Burada hem teorik çerçeve hem de pratik yön, Müslüman dua türleri ile zihinsel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin bir anlayışa katkıda bulunabilir ve sağlık uygulayıcılarına farklı dua modellerinin bireyleri daha iyi bir iyi oluşa nasıl yönlendirebileceği konusunda rehberlik edebilir. (shrink)

Tarihin başlangıcından itibaren insan ile yaşamış olduğu mekân arasındaki ilişki ve sosyal olarak inşa ettiği bu mekândan kopuş dikkat çekici bir meseledir. Bu ilişki sadece inşa edilen sosyal mekândan kopuş ile cereyan etmemekte, mekânsal değişikliğin ardından gelinen yerdeki sosyal inşa da yeni bir ilişkinin ve sosyal değişimin kapısını aralamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, insanlığın varoluşundan itibaren temel ihtiyacı olan güvenli çevre oluşturma gayretinin toplumsal değişime ve göç olgusuna olan etkisi, günümüzde özellikle Avrupa devletlerinde klasik güvenlik anlayışının dışında Kopenhag Okulu’nun sosyal inşacı bir (...) anlayış ile ortaya koyduğu “güvenlikleştirme” yaklaşımının ana unsurları olan siyasal, ekonomik, çevresel ve toplumsal anlamda bir güvenlik tehdidi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Avrupa ülkelerinde son yıllarda politika yapıcılar, devlet dışı aktörler ve göçmenlerin varlığından rahatsız olan kitleler göçü toplumsal güvenliğin alt unsuru olan kültürel güvenliklerine bir tehdit olarak görmektedir. Güncel politikalarında ve gelecek stratejilerinde bu olguyu dikkate almışlardır. Politika yapıcıların kültürel güvenliğe ilişkin yaklaşımlarını hem literatür derlemesi hem de göç karşıtı söylemler üzerinden analiz eden bu çalışmanın temel amacı, toplumsal güvenlik içerisinde yer alan kültürel güvenlik ile göç arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın argümanı göçün güvenlik unsuru haline getirilmesi sürecinde kültür konusunun niçin ve nasıl ele alındığına açıklık getirmektedir. Göçmenlerin genellikle söylemsel olarak hedef ülkenin sosyal uyum, kültürel doku ve kimliğine bir tehdit olarak sunulması, devamında “yabancı istilası” olarak güvensizlik yaratan bir sosyal aktör gibi düşünülmesi; çalışmanın yöntemi olan eleştirel söylem analizinin mikro boyutu ile çıkarım yaratma aracına karşılık gelmektedir. (shrink)

Ibn Kammūna (d. 1284) is one of the prominent names to have presented the new structuring that emerged after the classical period studies of Islamic philosophy following the 12th century. This article deals with his theory of the body, previously undiscussed in the academic community. The subject has been handled in connection with the philosophy of nature and metaphysics concerning questions such as how the body exists as a possible essence and how the principles guiding this process are reflected in (...) the field of nature, as well as what the body is and what its constituent elements, types, qualities, and additions are. Thus, Ibn Kammūna has been determined to consider the first body to be the first sphere, the later bodies to occur in the process of emanation, and the cause of the body to be the intellect. In addition, he established the body consisting of matter and form to be continuous, to point to itself, and to be an infinitely divisible substance. However, he is observed to have not evaluated matter and form, which are constituent elements of the body, under the category of substance. Moreover, this article also reviews Ibn Kammūna’s approach to the main claims of the Peripatetic and Illuminationist traditions about the body contained in his original works and commentaries. Through the proofs and reasoning made in the details of these claims, Ibn Kammūna is understood to have thought mostly in line with Ibn Sīnā about the definition and essence of the body. He occasionally agreed with Suhrawardī about the properties and additions of the body. This study investigates how Ibn Kammūna shaped Ibn Sīnā’s theory of the body, upon which Suhrawardī had expanded, and whether its content is original in this context. Thus, I aim to contribute to the field by following the processes of change, expansion, and transfer of philosophical accumulation in Islamic thought after these two philosophers who had founded of the Peripatetic and Illuminationist schools. (shrink)

Background and aim: Surgical intensive care nurses should have ethical sensitivity allowing them to identify ethical issues in order that they can recognize them and make the right decisions. This descriptive study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the ethical sensitivity of surgical intensive care nurses. Materials and methods: The research was carried out with the participation of 160 nurses in six Turkish hospitals, four state, one university, and one private. The data were collected using the “Nurse Description Form” (...) developed by the researcher and the “Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire.” The percent, mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values, significance test for the difference between two means, variance analysis, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis Variance Analysis test were used to evaluate the data. Ethical considerations: Ethical commission permission and the corporate permission of the hospitals were received before conducting the research. Results: It was determined that the ethical sensitivities of surgical intensive care nurses were moderate based on the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire total score and subdimension score averages. A statistical difference was determined between the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire total score of surgical intensive care nurses and the institution where they worked, the period of working in the occupation, and the period of working in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, the organization of training and studies devoted to the elimination of ethical sensitivity differences between institutions and workers is suggested. (shrink)

The Crusades are a period of struggle between the East and the West, or between Muslims and Christians, covering nearly two centuries. However, much of the academic research on the Crusades is European-centered and written by experts of the Middle Ages of the West. Changing this viewpoint whose impressions about the Muslim perspective are incomplete and distorted is possible by reconsidering the History of the Crusades from an East / Muslim point of view. In this study, the first reaction of (...) the Muslims against Crusades, the situation of the Seljuk State, the struggles between Frenk and Turks after the seizure of Seljuqan capital İznik by the Crusaders and the collapse of Urfa and Antakya cities will be discussed in the axis of the first Crusade. The sources of the research constitute the chronicles, biographies and geographical studies related to the subject. (shrink)

Background:The development of a profession’s autonomy closely relates to that profession’s level of autonomy in performing its specific role. For the nursing profession, this key role is nursing care.Objectives:This study was undertaken to evaluate the professional autonomy of nurses in care provision, from an ethical perspective.Research design:A mixed methods approach is employed in this research, which makes use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative dimension of this research covers sociodemographic aspects and makes use of the Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale. The (...) qualitative dimension of the research relates to the factors that affect professional autonomy in nursing care.Participants and research context:The sample consisted of 30 nurses working in the orthopedics, neurology, or intensive care units of three hospitals.Ethical considerations:Before conducting this research, we received permission from the ethical committee, as well as written permits from all the institutions in which the research was carried out. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Findings:According to the findings of this study, only 6.7% of the nurses surveyed stated that nurses had professional autonomy; they also stated that professional autonomy in nursing was mostly restricted by the need to be “dependent upon the physician in nursing implementations” and that autonomy in nursing care was mostly limited by a “high number of patients per nurse.”Discussion:This study determined that delays in resolving problems with regard to professional autonomy in nursing care in Turkey could be creating many of the professional and ethical problems that nurses face there.Conclusion:It is recommended that: individuals choose the nursing profession conscientiously; nurses need to be given professional awareness; their professional organizations need to be strengthened; and plans need to be made to increase research and to accumulate both knowledge and expertise. (shrink)

Hajj is both an obligation on Muslims and a source of communication that allows unity among them. In the realization of this worship, in addition to the financial power of the individual, the distance of the place from Harameyn and the safety of the road route, etc. are also important. Except for the rulers of nearby regions, many state administrators made great efforts to maket he pilgrimage comfortable, which they could not fulfill and which they saw as a matter of (...) legitimacy on behalf of their administration. In particular, they gave importance to diplomatic meetings and gifts with the rulers of Haramayn in order to ensure that their pilgrims fulfill this obligation and reunite with their country and their families safely. Pilgrimage was much more difficult for Andalusia and African lands.Those who could not go to the holy land made it a tradition to send gifts, letters and odes.However, the African Sultans were an exception in this regard and made pilgrimages that would go down in history.They have also given importance to these journeys in order to have the necessary scientific knowledge so that they and their people can lead a life in harmony with the Islamic mentality.In this study, the pilgrimage that led to the recognition of Mansā Musā, the Sultan of Western Sudan/Mali of Africa which is ignored in terms of its material-spiritualwealth in its pre-colonial life, and the impact of his pilgrimage on his country will be discussedfrom various aspects. (shrink)

Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyûn hocalarından Masdariyecizâde Hüseyin Efendi 1238/1822’de doksan dereceden küçük bir açının Eukleides geometrisi yöntemleriyle üç eşit parçaya bölünmesine dair antik prob- lem hakkında bir risale kaleme alır. Risale, köklerini Antik Yunan’da bulan bu meşhur problemin Eukleides geometrisinin araçları olan çizgilik (işaretsiz cetvel) ve pergel kullanılarak ulaşıldığı düşünülen çözümünü içerir. Ayrıca, sunulan ispat Mühendishâne eğitim kadrosunun her birinin onayını gösteren imzalarla kayıt altına alınmıştır. Akademik literatürde bu risaleye dair yapılan değerlendirmelere bakıldığında, çözümde kullanımı sınırlandırılmış araçlarla bir sonuca ulaşılamayacağının Hüseyin (...) Efendi’nin risalesini yayınladığı tarihte çoktan ispatlanmış olduğu iddiasına dayanarak eser, müellif ve dönemin ilim çevresi ile seviyesi hak- kında tahkir eden genelleştirilmiş yorumlar görülür. Tüm bu güncel yayınlar, tek bir kaynaktan, Salih Zeki Bey’in konuya dair yaklaşık bir asır önce kaleme aldığı ve içerik itibariyle doğruluğu tartışılır makalelerinden neşet etmiştir. Bu çalışma bu güncel yayınların ortak kaynağının iddialarını inceler ve problemin çözümü- nün tarihine odaklanır. Böylece verilen hatalı bilgilerin tashihini sunar. (shrink)

Objective: To determine cryopreservation-induced alterations in the cytoskeleton of metaphase II mouse oocytes and the implications of these alterations in functionality of the cytoskeleton and polyploidy after fertilization.Design: Comparative study.Setting: Clinical and academic research environment at a medical school teaching hospital.Intervention : Oocytes were frozen using a slow-cooling and slow-thawing protocol in 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.2 M sucrose and were analyzed before and after fertilization.Main Outcome Measure : Cytoskeletal alterations, fertilization, and polyploidy rates.Result : When analyzed immediately after (...) thawing, the oocytes displayed dramatic cytoskeletal alterations. Only slight recovery was observed upon removal of the cryoprotectants. However, incubation after thawing of 1 hour at 37oC completely reestablished a normal microfilament and microtubule pattern while partially restoring normal spindle morphology and chromosome alignment. Accordingly, insemination immediately after removal of cryoprotectants resulted in a significantly decreased fertilization rate and aberrant dynamics of cytoskeleton-dependent events, whereas oocytes inseminated after the post-thaw incubation displayed fertilization rates and cytoskeletal dynamics comparable to those in controls. Cryopreservation did not increase polyspermy but significantly increased digyny when the oocytes were inseminated after the post-thaw incubation. All digynic eggs displayed an abnormal spindle remnant in comparison with diploid or polyspermic eggs.Conclusion : A brief period of incubation after thawing allows recovery and positively affects fertilization and cytoskeletal dynamics. Cryopreservation does not impair the functionality of microfilaments and cytoplasmic microtubules during postfertilization events. Our findings suggest that the increased rate of digyny in cryopreserved oocytes may be related to the spindle disorganization, leading to failure in segregation of the chromosomes, rather than to direct malfunction of the microfilaments in polar body formation. (shrink)